Bidirectional converters

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The 30, foot view. Top patent holders and companies. Figure 14 compares the bode plots of the power stage-adjusted transfer function G11 s for gain compensated and uncompensated charge mode for the case study presented in Table 2. Bode Figure plots Figure Figure 15a shows 15a shows thethe small-signalmodel small-signal modelofof the the converter converterbased based onon thethe linearized model linearized for the model for the voltage controller based on the discharge mode parameters.

In the voltage control mode, voltage controller based on the discharge mode parameters. Voltage Figure Voltage controller controller block block diagram diagram of of the the proposed proposed converter. On the other hand, this single loop voltage control is relatively faster than the conventional design dual-loop scheme in response to grid voltage variations.

It should be noted that the voltage controller must be much slower than the current controller, resulting in a lower bandwidth since, as observed in Figure 14, G11 has one pole which is not rejected at high frequency. As the DC grid voltage gets stiffer, the dynamics of the BDC in voltage control mode tend to be more oscillatory, particularly under heavy loads.

This property of BDC makes it disparate from the unidirectional converter, where the steady-state duty ratio D varies based on the load value.

In a bidirectional converter, D is a constant defined by the grid and battery voltages given in 1 and 2. Note that the battery voltage does not change significantly across the operational range of state of charge SoC. Figure 16 shows the battery voltage variation for the typical minimum and maximum ranges of SoC under four loading conditions. Battery voltage vs. Conventional 3. The control system of the conventional BDC is a single with the conventional parameters BDC is a loop PI controller [18,29] for the current control mode displayed in Figure 17a, and a dual-loop PI-baseda equal single to the loop discharge PI controller mode of [18,29] the for proposed the current BDC.

Figure 17a, Table presents 3 and all the aparameters dual-loop presents all the PI-based parameters control [10] for Thethe of conventional voltage BDC.

Conventional BDC control systems used for comparison analysis. Table 3. Conventional BDC parameters. Simulation Results In this section, the effectiveness of the proposed converter is evaluated and compared with that of the conventional type for the converter case presented in Table 2.

In total, three instances are simulated using the test systems for two separate cases, as detailed below. Table 4.

Grid parameters. Figures 18—20 show the dynamic response of the system to the separate pulsed changes in DC load in Case I for current and voltage control modes, respectively. At first, the DC load demands kW power. For the voltage control mode, starting from 0.

For the current control mode, three subsequent pulsed variations take place, i. In the current control mode, the controller effort is lighter than that of the voltage control mode, despite the heavier load change. The significant performance of the proposed BDC can be observed in mode changeovers from discharge to charge mode and vice versa. Although the conventional BDC works well in Boost operation, it has deficient performance during Buck mode.

The significant performance of the proposed BDC can be observed in mode changeovers from discharge to charge mode and Electronics vice , versa. Although the conventional BDC works well in Boost operation, it has deficient 9, 18 of 21 performance during Buck mode. Figure Converter response Inductor currents in voltage control mode for Case I.

Converter response to pulsed DC load changes for Case I with the current controller. ILC, as shown in Figure Like Case I, the mode changeover performance in the proposed BDC is superior to that of the conventional type, resulting in a faster response to grid voltage variations.

Conclusions control. This study proposed a novel bidirectional DC-DC converter for energy storage applications in 5. Conclusions DC microgrid and HMG systems composed of two back-to-back Boost converters in the power stage adjustedThis study proposed to symmetrical a novel as operation, bidirectional well as an DC-DC converter equal gain ratio infor energy both storage charge applications and discharge in modes. DC microgrid and HMG systems composed of two back-to-back Boost converters in the power stage Systematical methodologies were implemented based on the frequency response of converter plant adjusted to symmetrical operation, as well as an equal gain ratio in both charge and discharge modes.

A novel approach was proposed to estimate the equivalent Systematical methodologies were implemented based on the frequency response of converter plant load resistance for each operation mode, which is a key parameter in open-loop transfer functions models in charge and discharge modes. A novel approach was proposed to estimate the equivalent rendering the converter loading to not be equal during two modes.

The efficacy of the proposed load resistance for each operation mode, which is a key parameter in open-loop transfer functions converter rendering was theevaluated converterand compared loading to not with thatduring be equal of the conventional two modes. The type via two efficacy of case studies for the proposed voltage and was converter current modeand evaluated controllers, comparedrespectively. Theconventional with that of the simulation results type viademonstrated that two case studies forthe proposed voltage and current mode controllers, respectively.

The simulation results demonstrated that thethe converter exhibited superior performance in handling power and voltage fluctuation in DCproposed grid. The batteryexhibited converter voltage low-voltage side must superior performance be selected in handling powerin and proportion to DC bus in voltage fluctuation voltage the high-voltage DC grid.

The side , representing battery the only limitation voltage low-voltage of this side must converter. HMGs,Inincluding diverse future research, thegeneration sources effectiveness of the like windBDC proposed turbine generators should and in be evaluated diesel moregenerators realistic employing advanceddiverse HMGs, including controllers. Finally, generation as a necessary sources like windcomplement to this study, turbine generators the experimental and diesel generators employingofadvanced verification controllers.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M. Project and M. Alladministration, M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References References 1. Kirakosyan, A. Communication-Free Current 1. Sharing Kirakosyan, ControlA. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. Daviran Keshavarzi, M. Eisapour-Moarref, A. Electronics , 9, 20 of 21 4. Corti, M. Zhu, X.

Energy Convers. Kotra, S. Energy , 10, — Khodamoradi, A. Power Electron. Kwon, M. Saleh, M. Morstyn, T. Smart Grid , 9, — Choi, Y. Lin, C. Study of a non-isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter. IET Power Electron. Rathore, A. Aamir, M. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs , 62, — Zeng, J. Cornea, O. Ham, S. High-efficiency bidirectional buck-boost converter for residential energy storage system.

GTO — Rate of change of voltage versus current above the forward voltage. Ideal semiconductor switch — Anode-cathode resistance when the device is on. IGBT — Collector-emitter resistance when the device is on. Thyristor — Anode-cathode resistance when the device is on.

Averaged switch — Anode-cathode resistance when the device is on. Resistance between the drain and the source, which also depends on the gate-to-source voltage.

Conductance when the device is off. Ideal semiconductor switch — Anode-cathode conductance. Gate voltage threshold. The device turns on when the gate voltage is above this value. For the different switching device types, the device voltage of interest is:. Gate-cathode voltage threshold. The device turns on when the gate-cathode voltage is above this value. The device turns off when the gate-cathode voltage is below this value.

Gate current threshold. The device stays on when the current is above this value, even when the gate-cathode voltage falls below the gate trigger voltage. Switching device type for the high-voltage side of the isolated converter model. For the different switching device types, the Forward voltage HV is taken as:.

For the different switching device types, the On-state resistance HV is taken as:. Switching device type for the low-voltage side of the isolated converter model.

For the different switching device types, the Forward voltage LV is taken as:. For the different switching device types, the On-state resistance LV is taken as:. The visibility of Protection Diode parameters depends on how you configure the protection diode Model dynamics and Reverse recovery time parameterization parameters. To learn how to read this table, see Parameter Dependencies. Diode with no dynamics — Select this option to prioritize simulation speed using the Diode block.

Diode with charge dynamics — Select this option to prioritize model fidelity in terms of reverse mode charge dynamics using the commutation diode model of the Diode block. If you select Averaged Switch for the Switching Device parameter in the Switching Device setting, this parameter is not visible and Diode with no dynamics is automatically selected.

See the Protection Diode Parameter Dependencies table. Rate of change of voltage versus current above the Forward voltage. Initial forward current when measuring peak reverse current. This value must be greater than zero. Model for parameterizing the recovery time. When you select Specify stretch factor or Specify reverse recovery charge , you can specify a value that the block uses to derive the reverse recovery time.

Value that the block uses to calculate Reverse recovery time, trr. Specifying the stretch factor is an easier way to parameterize the reverse recovery time than specifying the reverse recovery charge.

The larger the value of the stretch factor, the longer it takes for the reverse recovery current to dissipate. Interval between the time when the current initially goes to zero when the diode turns off and the time when the current falls to less than 10 percent of the peak reverse current. The value of the Reverse recovery time, trr parameter must be greater than the value of the Peak reverse current, iRM parameter divided by the value of the Rate of change of current when measuring iRM parameter.

Use this parameter if the data sheet for your diode device specifies a value for the reverse recovery charge instead of a value for the reverse recovery time. The reverse recovery charge is the total charge that continues to dissipate when the diode turns off. The Transformer parameters are only visible when Block choice is set to Isolated converter.

This parameter is only visible when Block choice is set to Isolated converter. Converter inductance. For the isolated converter model variant, the two inductors are identical. The Snubbers parameters tab is not visible if you set Switching device to Averaged Switch. The table summarizes the Snubbers parameter dependencies. See the Snubbers Parameter Dependencies table.

To adjust the duty cycle, the Control subsystem uses a PI-based control algorithm. To achieve different levels of fidelity, you can use either modulation waveforms, averaged gate pulses, or gate pulses. Control the current of a two-phase interleaved bidirectional DC-DC converter. To reduce the ripple at the output port of the converter, the two phases are switched with the same duty ratio but with a relative phase shift of degrees. The Scopes subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results.

Esa, Y. Mhandi, W. Brandauer, and A. Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting. Portland, OR: , pp Current mode control of a full bridge DC-to-DC converter with a two inductor rectifier. Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Saint Louis, MO: , pp Digital control of a bi-directional DC-DC converter for automotive applications. Long Beach, CA: , pp Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers.

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